This article originally appeared in <\/em>Bitcoin Magazine’s “Moon Issue.” To get a copy, visit our store<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cWhat should the time preference of my magazine article be?\u201d<\/p>\n It\u2019s a question I first pose to author Saifedean Ammous as we walk a darkened city sidewalk, the only light reaching us from nearby restaurants where smiling diners idle.<\/p>\n Observing what could be any busy suburban food court, my initial impression of Lebanon is that it seems undisturbed, even normal, a far cry from the headlines heralding a once-in-a-century economic crisis defined by annual inflation that\u2019s now the highest in the world at 140%.<\/p>\n\n But if busy Beirut doesn\u2019t appear eager to play poster child for the ills of the fiat financial system, Saifedean is quick to note the streetlights out above us, a casualty of government budget cuts.<\/p>\n \u201cThe market,\u201d Saifedean says, \u201cis simply finding a way.\u201d<\/p>\n It\u2019s the start of a series of discussions to take place over days as we explore the city, consider his newly published work, \u201cThe Fiat Standard,\u201d and probe the mysteries at the heart of Bitcoin that remain as the calendar year turns to 2022 and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n Of frequent debate is what I assert is a generational divide forming between Bitcoin\u2019s old-guard technologists and an ascendant meat-eating, family-first, Bitcoin-asa-lifestyle movement for whom Saifedean\u2019s work has become a kind of dogma.<\/p>\n After all, it wasn\u2019t long ago that Bitcoin discussion was defined by early coders who saw it solely as a software, an improving protocol for moving digital money. Today, it\u2019s the ironclad economics of Bitcoin that dominate discourse, in no small part due to Saifedean (pronounced Safe-e-deen) and his 2018 publication, \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard.\u201d<\/p>\n It\u2019s not an exaggeration to say more people now buy bitcoin after reading the book than they do on discovering Satoshi Nakamoto\u2019s 2008 white paper or by reviewing its code online.<\/p>\n So great has been the fanfare around the work, CEOs of public companies now proudly boast they\u2019ve spent billions adopting a \u201cbitcoin standard,\u201d the most recent being an Australian baseball team that tweeted images of coaches teaching the book both on and off the field.<\/p>\n The author\u2019s eager readers will no doubt find much to like in \u201cThe Fiat Standard,\u201d a self-published sequel that\u2019s arguably even more expansive in its assertion that central bank money printing is a great societal evil stretching far beyond monetary policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n Included among its chapters are sure to be fan favorites like \u201cFiat Life,\u201d \u201cFiat Food\u201d and \u201cFiat Science\u201d that frame state agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and issues like climate change as symptoms of government interference in freedoms, industry and family life.<\/p>\n Still, for his part, Saifedean pushes back on assertions he\u2019s forging an association between Bitcoin and alternative lifestyles, or that his position and influence make him responsible for changes in sentiment among the movement.<\/p>\n He\u2019s picking the bones from a coal-grilled fish, its eyes charred and blackened into its sockets, when he finally answers my more antagonistic questions directly.<\/p>\n \u201cThese ideas are popular because they match where Bitcoin fits in this time and place,\u201d he says. \u201cThis is what Bitcoin is here to rescue us from, inflation and all the trappings of inflation.\u201d<\/p>\n Our journey in Lebanon will offer context to the assertion.<\/p>\n Saifedean\u2019s road to Bitcoin is a long one, defined by denial, acceptance and fateful encounters. It\u2019s a meandering tale, relayed as we weave the many parked cars and traffic bollards that squeeze us often and tightly against Beirut\u2019s straining retaining walls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The son of a doctor, Saifedean explains he grew up in \u201cone of those families\u201d where you had to join the vocation or else you\u2019re branded a failure. Still, he would be eager to break from tradition.<\/p>\n Saifedean, now 41, refers to these early years as the \u201chigh time preference\u201d period of his life, the phrase (denoting a bias toward short-term decision-making) now colloquial as a critique against fiat finance thanks to its use in \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard.\u201d<\/p>\n Medicine seemed like too much work, so he chose to study mechanical engineering at the American University of Beirut (AUB). We\u2019ll spend much of our time circling this gated portion of the city, its tranquil, cedar tree gardens and soccer pitches walled off from the urban sprawl.<\/p>\n Once on the outskirts of the city, AUB is today besieged by quick-service restaurants and shops, its hospital serving as the center for what Saifedean calls the \u201cCOVID ritual,\u201d and he wastes no opportunity to assert the virus is being abused to exert new forms of draconian control.<\/p>\n\n If he appears at first intent on showing me around his beloved alma mater, that interest ends when we\u2019re beset by guards intent on making him wear a \u201cmuzzle.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s a shame,\u201d he says, scratching graying hair with an irritated hand. \u201cIt\u2019s a beautiful campus.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s another recurring theme \u2014 that for Saifedean, Lebanon is something of a cherished second home. \u201cIt was the hedonistic capital of the world,\u201d he recalls. \u201cIf you wanted to party, enjoy yourself, have great food, great wine, there was nothing like it up until 2019.\u201d<\/p>\n That\u2019s when the current crisis began, turning \u201cthe Switzerland of the Middle East\u201d into a country known for power outages and a diaspora that\u2019s increasingly seeking refugee status abroad.<\/p>\n It\u2019s hard to piece together an exact timeline for when the issue \u2014 namely, the decoupling of the black market exchange rate (then 27,000 Lebanese pounds to the U.S. dollar) from the central bank rate (still officially 1,500 pounds to the U.S. dollar) \u2014 began, or why what followed would so strongly counter the narrative Lebanon was a \u201cresilient\u201d nation, always able to borrow and refinance its debt despite domestic challenges.<\/p>\n The situation has since been exacerbated by COVID-19 and the 2020 Port of Beirut explosion, which have combined to shutter one in five local businesses.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n Born to a family that had its land confiscated by Israel in Palestine, Saifedean sees the State and its penchant for central planning as the ultimate culprit for the crisis in Lebanon, and as we walk, he proves eloquent in identifying the many effects of government intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThere\u2019s a holdout tenant stuck there who is paying something like $7 a year for rent,\u201d he explains, pointing at a browning building he believes is the victim of misguided rent controls. \u201cThey are waiting to get paid off. All over the city these apartments are falling apart.\u201d<\/p>\n There\u2019s a certain sadness to the narration, as it\u2019s among these buildings where Saifedean discovered his interest in economics as an undergraduate at AUB.<\/p>\n Back then, his attitude was different. \u201cI thought the world needed planning. I had that kind of statist immaturity that we need to have someone in authority to tell us what to do because the world is a scary place,\u201d he says. \u201cI chose to go the path of fiat.\u201d<\/p>\n It\u2019s a path that would next take him to the London School of Economics (LSE), where he\u2019d have his first encounter with the outsider Austrian economists his work has revitalized, and finally to the Lebanese American University (LAU) in Beirut, where he\u2019d write \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard.\u201d<\/p>\n\n There, he says, Bitcoin saved his life.<\/p>\n THE HEADLINE OF THE ANNAHAR NEWSPAPER, THE LEADING LEBANESE NEWSPAPER READS: \u201c(US) Dollar Rate at the Outskirts of 30 thousand Lira!\u201d referring to the black-market rate of the USD\/LBP. The Lebanese currency has lost 95% of its value to inflation since September 2019. The Lebanese central bank still fixes the official exchange rate to 1,515 while the parallel market (the official name of the black market) exchanges at around 28,000.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n A GRAFFITI THAT READS: \u201cLift the bank secrecy of your accounts\u201d on the Lebanese central bank parking wall, referring to the bank accounts of the corrupt Lebanese politicians that are accused of transferring billions of dollars to their accounts. Since October 2019, the Lebanese central bank had gradually locked access to all bank deposits for withdrawal and transfer abroad.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n We\u2019ve settled into the corner of a brightly painted caf\u00e9 when our talk turns to Saifedean\u2019s rising profile and how it might impair his relationships in the city. He freely admits he\u2019s lost contacts from his former life because of his stances on COVID-19 and Bitcoin. At times, though, Saifedean seems reluctant to make the situation worse.<\/p>\n Despite the encouragement of our photographer Ibrahim, he isn\u2019t initially eager to pose in front of the Banque du Liban, the central bank whose graffiti-strewn and barricaded building bears the marks of frustrations aimed at the economic downturn.<\/p>\n\n SAIFEDEAN:<\/p>\n It\u2019s rubbing salt in wounds.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n IBRAHIM:<\/p>\n You\u2019re discussing economics. If the offhand remark makes it seem at first as if there\u2019s a popular awareness of Bitcoin and how it might be a solution for the crisis in Lebanon, we\u2019ll find this isn\u2019t exactly the case.<\/p>\n Saifedean puts the blame on local financial institutions that have for years pressured Bitcoin with restrictive policies. A central bank directive, he says, has been successful in turning away interest despite the fact that it\u2019s not clear if buying and selling bitcoin is banned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No arrests have been made, but there\u2019s been an implied force Saifedean experienced firsthand when he would try and fail to install a Bitcoin ATM at a local shopping center in 2017. That isn\u2019t to say others haven\u2019t been successful.<\/p>\n \u201cI know people whose banks would close their account unless you signed a paper saying you would not deal with cryptocurrencies,\u201d he says. \u201cThey were fighting it every step of the way.\u201d<\/p>\n That isn\u2019t to say others haven\u2019t been successful since, especially in the wake of the collapse of trust in the local banking sector.<\/p>\n\n We find a Bitcoin ATM at a nearby currency exchange, and it\u2019s clear the operators see utility in bitcoin. They don\u2019t want to be identified (for fear of reprisal), but they\u2019re open about how bitcoin is allowing local Lebanese to store value safely amid trying times.<\/p>\n \u201cWe have thousands of dollars in our houses,\u201d the operator explains. \u201cThey are stealing the money every time they print new notes.\u201d You get the sense he\u2019s wearing his wealth, his tan leather jacket looks new and it\u2019s adorned liberally with gold chains.<\/p>\n The owner estimates the ATM gets about 15 customers a day, but it\u2019s a far cry from what you might expect in a city of millions where the currency is depreciating daily. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yet, outside the shop, life amid hyperinflation carries a certain facade of stability. Window after window on trendy Hamra Street features the latest suits and streetwear from Nike, Gucci, Rolex and the like. Under the surface, though, locals say the strain is growing. <\/p>\n Ibrahim is eager to explain how hyperinflation has impacted his life. He rents two houses, the result of a recent marriage. Both are similar in size and location, but he pays 1 million lira per month (or about $35) for the first, and 500 euros (about $600) for the second. <\/p>\n\n These costs are set by the contract and so don\u2019t accomodate changes in the value of the local currency. \u201cYou can argue for both parties [of the contract],\u201d Ibrahim says, the Canon equipment of his trade jostling in a saddlebag. \u201cI cannot pay 500 euros. But the owner, it\u2019s not his fault the currency devalued.\u201d <\/p>\n Already, he has seen two classes of workers emerge \u2014 those who get paid by foreign firms in U.S. dollars and those who receive salaries in Lebanese pounds. For emphasis, he points to a nearby traffic guard pacing away his afternoon. <\/p>\n \u201cHis salary is less than $50. He used to get $800 and now he gets $50. You can imagine how this impacts his choices of food, his pleasure time,\u201d he says. <\/p>\n There are losers in hyperinflation, to be sure, but there are also winners. As Saifedean explains, the situation isn\u2019t all that bad for the wealthy. \u201cThey just got a 95% discount on their [mortgage],\u201d he says amid dinner at a busy upscale grill. <\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s a subtle revelation that will set in over the coming days, that inflation isn\u2019t a humanitarian crisis but a bone cancer \u2014 malignant maybe but almost undetectable on the surface. <\/p>\n \u201cThe people who can afford to eat here,\u201d Ibrahim adds, \u201cstill eat here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n As Saifedean\u2019s journey shows, it isn\u2019t always easy to recognize economic reality \u2014 even he would spend years skeptical of the idea bitcoin was replacing gold and becoming global money.<\/p>\n Indeed, Saifedean\u2019s early academic work remained steeped in the idea some authority, if only properly informed and encouraged, was capable of enacting economic and political change. <\/p>\n As a master\u2019s student, Saifedean would first make a name in columns penned for Columbia\u2019s school newspaper, The Columbia Spectator, which addressed the Palestinian struggle and the various hypocrises revealed by the Western institutions that attempted to intervene and assist it. <\/p>\n As highlighted by the New York Observer in 2007, Saifedean was already adept at taking an assertive stance on political issues, sparking an argument at a campus party celebrating the birth of Israel and \u201ctaking over\u201d talk at a Hillel debate on whether Zionism is racist.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cYou might as well base citizenship on the horoscope. No Scorpios are allowed, and my family are Scorpios,\u201d Saifedean argued, the hyperbole shocking the pro- Israel lobby in attendance. <\/p>\n His 2011 PhD thesis, \u201cAlternative Energy Science and Policy: Biofuels as a Case Study,\u201d would mark the point at which he would begin channeling his antagonism toward its present targets.<\/p>\n\n Today, it reads as a prelude to \u201cThe Fiat Standard,\u201d arguing government subsidies for biofuels actually harmed the environment. His new book revives the idea, asserting that oil and other hydrocarbon fuels should be recognized for their history of improving human life. <\/p>\n An attempt to unite his undergraduate engineering work with his new interest in economics, the paper found its author at first attempting to model how biofuel mandates could achieve climate goals, a direction that would sharply shift in the wake of the 2008 Great Financial Crisis. <\/p>\n As the global markets teetered on the edge of collapse, Saifedean began to see himself in the academics who justified bailouts for billionaires with similar spreadsheet models. That\u2019s when, he says, he began to embrace the \u201cAustrian perspective.\u201d <\/p>\n \u201cI figured out that people have known that the world is far too complicated, that I wasn\u2019t alone.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n Empowered, he would keep on writing his PhD thesis, naively thinking he\u2019d be embraced as a controversial, independent thinker. Instead, this turn toward libertarianism was met with resistance by the Columbia brass, and he remains bitter about the rebuke. <\/p>\n \u201cI ignored how their entire intellectual way of approaching the world relies on their own statist, socialist central planning,\u201d he says. That the response feels pointed is perhaps because his parents flew to New York for his graduation only to find his PhD defense had been canceled over concerns about its content. He would wait another year before receiving his doctorate.<\/p>\n\n Saifedean\u2019s first brush with Bitcoin would occur soon after.<\/p>\n Arriving in New York in the summer of 2011, he had told himself he would buy 100 bitcoin for $100, but as the price quickly spiked above $30, he was turned away due to the expense and his conceited conviction that Bitcoin would almost certainly fail. <\/p>\n All the while, he would remain convinced gold was the answer to issues in the financial system, even attempting to found a startup to allow users to transfer the precious metal with the ease of popular digital apps like PayPal. (He would go to Switzerland to scout for physical vaults and claims to have had interest among provisional investors.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yet, Saifedean was then far from alone in thinking actively and thoughtfully about alternative finance, and he\u2019d soon become more outspoken in airing his distrust in the legacy system. <\/p>\n Dated from late 2011 and early 2012, his initial appearances on \u201cThe Keiser Report\u201d showcase what would become the next subject of his ongoing academic work \u2014 the idea that the United States was no longer a free market capitalist system. <\/p>\n Max Keiser, the show\u2019s host, recalls trying to get Saifedean to see Bitcoin\u2019s potential at the time but claims his attempts were rebuffed. (\u201cHe hated it,\u201d Keiser says now.) Saifedean doesn\u2019t remember it exactly that way but admits he remained \u201cuninformed\u201d on the subject until 2013. (He vaguely recalls the Keiser discussion but isn\u2019t exactly sure it happened.) <\/p>\n\n Either way, as the price of bitcoin rose toward $1,000 that year, Saifedean began to rethink his skepticism, sending a series of emails to Keiser seeking advice on how to buy. Shortly after, he would make his first purchase and begin dating his wife in the same week.<\/p>\n It\u2019s perhaps because of this personal journey that Saifedean increasingly sees his financial and domestic stability as intertwined. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe profound heart of all of this is that it is the hardness of the money that reflects on the time preference. That is what Bitcoin allowed me to discover in myself and allowed me to put it in the book. When you have a way to store value for the future, you can provide for your future.\u201d <\/p>\n \u201cI know a lot of people who have done the same thing,\u201d he continues, \u201cthey get into Bitcoin and get married. They started to think about the future.\u201d<\/p>\n Still, if the legacy of \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard\u201d is the clarity with which it described the economic problems Bitcoin solves, debate remains on the extent of the societal impact of its solution. <\/p>\n\n On hand to emphasize the divide is Bitcoin Magazine\u2019s own Aaron van Wirdum. A technology reporter in the field since 2013, his interactions with Saifedean quickly reveal how claims core to \u201cThe Fiat Standard\u201d can feel taboo for those to whom Bitcoin is more science than politics.<\/p>\n Indeed, arguments quickly flare around whether removing government money from economies can have downstream impacts on healthcare, wellness and conservation, with conversation turning tense around the idea these subjects have any domain in Bitcoin at all.<\/p>\n Amid one discussion on how outlooks among users have clearly evolved on the matter, it\u2019s Saifedean who uses the floor to claim Bitcoin critics all \u201cwant to eat bugs [and] wear a mask.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n Aaron calls the remark a pivot of subject, and Saifedean wastes no time in punching back.<\/p>\n SAIFEDEAN:\u00a0<\/p>\n Oh yeah, you were one of the [COVID]<\/em> hysterics at some point. Oh god.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n AARON:<\/p>\n Well, it should have been tackled early and hard.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n The conversation quickly escalates, with Saifedean arguing those who think like Aaron are no more than gullible cowards who have been manipulated by the Chinese Communist Party, big pharmaceutical companies and mainstream media into becoming modern fascists. <\/p>\n\n The exchange is laced with criticism against accomplices far and wide, from podcaster Peter McCormack and Microsoft founder Bill Gates (it\u2019s not clear which exactly is part of what he calls \u201cthe manboob squad\u201d) to Nassim Taleb (the Lebanese author who wrote the introduction to \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard\u201d and with whom he is now engaged in a public feud). <\/p>\n In the span of some minutes, he\u2019ll argue the media has been complicit in creating widespread belief in what amounts to misinformation about the virus and its transmissibility, all the while admonishing governments for using totalitarianism to fight a disease that can effectively be countered with \u201chealthy living, nutrition, and basic hygiene.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cThere\u2019s money in authoritarianism, there\u2019s money to be made from surveillance, and the TV viewers go along,\u201d Saifedean says, by now ignoring the cooling food in front of him.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n As time goes by, Aaron is able to interject less and less, his final comment something along the lines of, \u201cDo we agree that there\u2019s a virus?\u201d Attempts to find a middle ground only seem to make Saifedean more irate as he builds to his crescendo.<\/p>\n \u201cHow many years and how many shots is it going to take for you to see this isn\u2019t about the shots or the masks? You\u2019ve been suckered into handing over generations of freedoms that your children are never going to get back.\u201d <\/p>\n\n \u201cI respect your right to be gullible and stay at home. Why can you not respect my right to risk my life? It\u2019s not about health, it\u2019s about control. Wake the fuck up! Wake the fuck up!\u201d<\/p>\n The debate is one that will reoccur over the four-day trip but never with quite the same passion. Saifedean later refers to Aaron\u2019s insistence on \u201cpoisoning\u201d him with the vaccine as a \u201cdisagreement among friends,\u201d the comment offering a more muted but no less acerbic take. <\/p>\n If Aaron is offended by the conversation, he\u2019s adept at hiding it. When you\u2019ve worked through the bitter parts of Bitcoin\u2019s formative years, getting yelled at is simply part of the trade. Still, it\u2019s worth noting this behavior is a target for Saifedean\u2019s critics, who worry it politicizes discussion of a neutral technology with no bearing on broader lifestyle choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But even as he wields it as a weapon, it\u2019s hard not to admire the zeal with which Saifedean embraces the freedoms Bitcoin has afforded him. If you\u2019re not the target of his animosities, he\u2019s enjoyable company with a deep interest in food and music, and Beirut brings out his inner aficionado. <\/p>\n This sentimentality is understandable when you consider he\u2019d experience a career renaissance here in 2015, when back again in Beirut, he\u2019d publish a breakout paper that argued bitcoin was the only cryptocurrency likely to experience long-term adoption. <\/p>\n\n \u201cThe coexistence of bitcoin and government currencies is an unstable equilibrium: the longer bitcoin exists, the more likely it is to continue, and the more attractive it becomes compared to traditional currencies,\u201d it reads. <\/p>\n Yet, if that work seemed tepid at times (including an obligatory passage about how innovations are often outmoded), more assertive work would soon follow. \u201cBlockchain Technology: What Is It Good For?\u201d and \u201cCan Cryptocurrencies Fulfill the Functions of Money?,\u201d bolder papers that more forcefully argued for Bitcoin as an agent of change, would appear in 2016.<\/p>\n But even as these works spread his message among academics, Saifedean says they did little more than encourage him to spend time \u201carguing on Facebook.\u201d That\u2019s when his wife convinced him to buckle down and write a book. Penned in two-and-a-half months thereafter, \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard\u201d was an attempt to set the record straight, and the sales suggest it did. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For Saifedean, it\u2019s the market reception that he finds most validating. Far from life in the fallow university system defined in \u201cThe Fiat Standard,\u201d where paper mills compete for state handouts, he\u2019s expanding his books into a new website, Saifedean.com, for a global customer base. <\/p>\n\n \u201cI had to take all these incredible ideas about the world and try to write this disgusting drivel that could get past the journals nobody reads that controlled my career,\u201d he says with no small satisfaction. \u201cNow, I can get on the keyboard and write.\u201d <\/p>\n In his mind, this is how all industries should operate, with creators giving value to consumers, not a boss who has access to the money printer. Instead, he sees his former profession (and the world at large) as full of depressed people who \u201cdon\u2019t get to do anything of value at all.\u201d <\/p>\n \u201cYou see a lot of stories of people who feel a lot of emptiness, and you don\u2019t see that with Bitcoiners,\u201d he continues. \u201c[In Bitcoin], you\u2019ve settled on this money that is the final form of money and you can save it, and you know that it\u2019s there.\u201d<\/p>\n It\u2019s these statements that perhaps best explain how Saifedean has influenced outlooks on the future of Bitcoin itself. I argue there\u2019s a widespread confidence now, absent from earlier times, that Bitcoin is an inevitability requiring nothing more than passive acceptance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n It\u2019s a point we debate back and forth, with Saifedean asserting, as he has in his work, that it\u2019s only a steady increase in value over time that will make Bitcoin more mainstream. If this sounds \u201cunidealistic,\u201d he\u2019s keen to assert he\u2019s not an evangelist, nor does he think Bitcoin needs any kind of activist outreach to accelerate its adoption. <\/p>\n\n \u201cHard money cannot stay niche,\u201d he says. \u201cIf number go up, everyone is going to want in.\u201d<\/p>\n This debate will resurface again in microcosm at a meetup later, when it becomes clear even Beirut\u2019s Bitcoiners don\u2019t exactly see it as a solution to the crisis. Perspectives vary, but even as conversation slips between English and Arabic, prognosis remain as dim as the pub lighting. <\/p>\n Wrapped in a banker\u2019s scarf and blue blazer, Gabor sits bespectacled as he argues why the local policy institute he works for believes the best course is to establish a currency board that can encourage the central bank to back its deposits with full U.S. dollar reserves. <\/p>\n Soon, Saifedean is careening into our conversation from across the room, eager to play Bitcoin defender. \u201cIf it\u2019s a committee, it\u2019s central planning, but if you call it a board, it\u2019s not,\u201d he says amid protests. \u201cIf you\u2019re not solving the problem, the money printer, you\u2019re just jerking off.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n At the heart of the debate is Saifedean\u2019s central thesis from \u201cThe Bitcoin Standard\u201d \u2014 politicians that benefit from inflation have no incentive to stop it, a problem that Bitcoin, by removing government from money management, solves by design. <\/p>\n\n \u201cTell them to stop bitching and moaning and start buying bitcoin!\u201d he roars. <\/p>\n Still, for his part, Gabor seems set on impressing the practicalities of the matter. \u201cIf they stop printing, who will pay the salaries?\u201d he says. \u201cIf you start at this level, you have no chance of convincing them.\u201d <\/p>\n Marco, a former pharmacist and the founder of the meetup group, can\u2019t help but agree, at least out of Saifedean\u2019s earshot. As he explains it, local Lebanese believe the crisis to be political in nature. \u201cThey say that it can be solved with a snap of a finger. There\u2019s always an excuse,\u201d he says. \u201cIt\u2019s America, or Iran, or Hezbollah, whatever you want.\u201d <\/p>\n Others say Lebanon has weathered similar storms before: In the 1980s, the lira inflated wildly against the U.S. dollar only to eventually stabilize. \u201cPeople still believe that this is a very similar situation,\u201d Marco continues. \u201cThey don\u2019t see the need to use a parallel alternative market yet.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Most believe the near-term solution is for the country to officially adopt the U.S. dollar, but not because they see any defect with bitcoin. Rather, they seem to believe it just wouldn\u2019t gather popular support here, even if the country took the same progressive steps as El Salvador. <\/p>\n\n \u201cWe have a physics professor going live on TV, saying it twice in the same interview, that the solution for stopping the lira\u2019s situation is shutting down the fucking internet,\u201d Marco adds. \u201cYou tell me we can convince these people to buy bitcoin?\u201d <\/p>\n A currency dealer who trades with locals over Telegram and Binance concurs, noting most of the sales he conducts are actually for the U.S. dollar stablecoin Tether. He says Lebanese want the safety of the U.S. dollar, and that to many, crypto stablecoins are the next best thing. <\/p>\n Gabor adds that this is how he even grows his own bitcoin position, buying USDT and selling it on an exchange when the price dips. \u201cMost of the local Bitcoiners don\u2019t want to sell,\u201d he adds. <\/p>\n Amid the debate, the group prompts me to test the theory by conducting a trade over Telegram, so I post a message offering to sell $250 worth of bitcoin for U.S. dollars. Within a minute, I\u2019ve received a reply from someone eager to conduct the sale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n What follows is a bizarre encounter where I shuffle into a black Mercedes only to be told by our dealer he \u201cnever touches bitcoins.\u201d He continues to assume I want Tether, asking \u201cERC-20 or Tron?\u201d until we eventually abandon the poorly translated trade. <\/p>\n\n When we return to the bar, we find the talk has taken its own unexpected turn, with Saifedean denouncing the failures of republican governments in the region. The idea will feel familiar to Saifedean readers who know his stance on monarchies as the preferred, low time preference form of state rule. But even in a bar where everyone is eager for a copy of \u201cThe Fiat Standard,\u201d his vision for a more peaceful Middle East perhaps comes off as more polarizing than intended. <\/p>\n \u201cLook at Jordan, they have security, infrastructure that works, and an entirely livable, civilized country. Plus, the Hashemites can get you 24-hour electricity,\u201d he says, chiding the table. <\/p>\n To the amazement of attendees, he goes on to suggest Jordan\u2019s ruling family might even hold the keys to resolving broader regional strife. Though they are Sunni Muslim, they are direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad, which makes them popular among Shia Muslims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since the entire Sunni\u2013Shia schism, he reasons, comes from Shia anger at Sunni betrayal of the house of Hashem after the prophet\u2019s death, only the Hashemites can mend the breach, which has turned increasingly bloody and bitter in recent decades. <\/p>\n \u201cBut Jordan isn\u2019t exactly a free market economy,\u201d objects Michael, an ex-student of Saifedean. <\/p>\n\n \u201cWe just need to orange pill His Majesty so he shuts down the parliament and ministries and all the central planners, leaving only the army and the royal court!\u201d he exclaims, adding: \u201cThe rest of the region will want to join the Hashemites.\u201d<\/p>\n Back in the car, days of discussion appear to have finally piqued Ibrahim\u2019s interest in Bitcoin. <\/p>\n We\u2019re on our way to the Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon, fighting stop-and-go traffic en route to the nearby national monument when his questions begin to pour forth. Should he do anything with the \u201cother cryptocurrencies?\u201d What does it mean when we say \u201cChina banned Bitcoin\u201d? <\/p>\n He\u2019s been busy Googling since we met, and while he was formerly impressed by a speech Saifedean gave in May, he\u2019s on the sidelines with no money invested in bitcoin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ibrahim\u2019s admission is made all the more surprising when he relays that most of his money is stuck in his bank account, all but inaccessible due to withdrawal limits. <\/p>\n\n It\u2019s something Saifedean just can\u2019t seem to understand. On leaving university life in 2019, he\u2019d immediately convert his severance pay into bitcoin. (He even sent his sister-in-law to the bank directly with his dealer, so as not to waste any time.) Factoring capital controls, he\u2019d take a 40% cut on the payment, but says the gains in bitcoin have made up for it. <\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s like [the GIF of] George Clooney when he\u2019s walking away from the explosion,\u201d he recalls. \u201cIt hit 3,000 [liras to the dollar], then the numbers tumbled one after another.\u201d <\/p>\n Later, we\u2019re passing the largest Christmas tree in Lebanon as the conversation resumes. <\/p>\n Aaron is still probing Saif about his feelings on Big Oil, attempting to get him to admit there\u2019s such a thing as \u201cnegative externalities\u201d that humans need governments to help solve.<\/p>\n SAIFEDEAN:<\/p>\n They exist in situations where property rights are not well defined.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n AARON:<\/p>\n Right, but who owns the ozone layer?\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n IBRAHIM:\u00a0<\/p>\n (quietly)<\/em> What is fiat?\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n The question is so innocent it almost doesn\u2019t register, and I take the bullet as Saif and Aaron turn back, lost in a battle of egos running deep. The list of talking points that follows feels like a greatest hits of Saifedean\u2019s work \u2014 the mobility problem with gold, how and why paper notes replaced it, and why bitcoin is now the best way to move value across time and space. <\/p>\n It\u2019s a testament to his influence, but also to the difficulty of ever really explaining Bitcoin fully. The deeper you go, the more questions always seem to remain.<\/p>\n IBRAHIM:\u00a0<\/p>\n My cousin told me recently there was a security upgrade… who does that?\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n RIZZO:\u00a0<\/p>\n [Turning back] Yeah Saif, who does that?\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n SAIFEDEAN:\u00a0<\/p>\n If you\u2019re running the code, you decide what code you want. You can decide anything, but the thing only works if you don\u2019t change anything.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n AARON:\u00a0<\/p>\n But it did change…\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n The conversation feels worn now, so much so that as potholes rattle the car, the stream of Arabic cursing that follows seems almost like a therapeutic break. <\/p>\n In the shock to the senses that follows, I can\u2019t help but wonder about our time preference, if we\u2019ve lapsed too far into our own complacency, too sure some climax was bound to happen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n In solidarity with the sentiment, I decide to override my own central planning, asking Saifedean how he\u2019d like to end the article. \u201cHookers, cocaine, gunfight? You want to watch drug dealers fight in Bakka?\u201d he responds.<\/p>\n Fate intervenes when, just down the street from our destination, he asks me abruptly, \u201cOh, so did you sell your bitcoin yesterday?\u201d <\/p>\n I turn back and tell the tale. The shock is visible on Saif\u2019s face, his eyes wide, mouth ajar.<\/p>\n SAIFEDEAN:\u00a0<\/p>\n That\u2019s a sad way to end the story.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n We\u2019re at our destination now, abruptly swapping handshakes.<\/p>\n It\u2019s an empty feeling as the car rolls along. As if after so many manic sword swings, the great bull had finally bled, and we were left sitting with some great and sobering wrong.<\/p>\n It\u2019s not soon after that we\u2019re again at the hotel, and I\u2019m lost looking at waves lapping into mist as Ibrahim turns to the subject of payment. <\/p>\n I\u2019m out of dollars by now but figure an ATM might be near. If nothing else, it could be the set up for another ending, another caper, a final quest that could tie the ragged ends of a trip that has seemed to end abruptly, the false note struck in the car still ringing. <\/p>\n I almost don\u2019t hear the words as he finally breaks the silence. <\/p>\n \u201cI will do it,\u201d Ibrahim says, half as if he\u2019s still convincing himself. The words are quick, hushed, paired with a kind of stowaway smile. <\/p>\n Some minutes later he\u2019s marveling as bits fly through cyberspace, and Bitcoin, that great central bank in the sky, reassigns our private keys, the soft magic making what was mine his, for all time, forever, or as long as we can hold it. <\/p>\n It\u2019s a tiny rebellion against the fiat world, to be sure. <\/p>\n Out there in the night, there remain the big banks, self-important soldiers, and all the tentacles of the expanding, encroaching global state. But it\u2019s these moments where it\u2019s clear it might be our aspirations more than our answers that really matter most.<\/p>\n \u201cWow,\u201d Ibrahim says, looking down at the soft glow of his phone. <\/p>\n You can see it for a second \u2014 the reflection on all the ATMs, the broke central banks, the arguments over ripped bills \u2014 the understanding that it could all be so easily wiped away.<\/p>\n![\"image-002\"](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1NDM0MzQ0MTI0\/image-002.png\")
<\/a>THE FIAT SAIFEDEAN<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>![\"The](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1MTY1OTA4MTk0\/image-006.png\")
<\/a>HYPERINFLATION IS HERE<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>![\"THE](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1OTcxMDE4NDI4\/image-011.png\")
<\/a>![\"A](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM0ODk3Mjc2MTMw\/image-010.png\")
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You don\u2019t think Salim [Sfeir, head of the Association of Banks in Lebanon] <\/em>owns bitcoin?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nBITCOIN BEGINNINGS<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>THE COVID HYSTERICS<\/h2>\n
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AN UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM<\/h2>\n
ORANGE PILLING THE KING<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>![\"image-023\"](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1NDM0MjEzMDUy\/image-023.png\")
<\/a>CEDARS OF THE GODS<\/h2>\n
![\"image-025\"](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1NDM0MzQzNjUw\/image-025.png\")
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NO SAD ENDINGS\u00a0<\/h2>\n
![\"image-030\"](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzU0NzM1NzAyNjQ4NTA4\/image-030.png\")
<\/a>![\"SPRING_22_BUY_IN_PRINT_1200x300\"](\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/.image\/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700\/MTg5NzYwMTA3MzY0NDkyNTE0\/spring_22_buy_in_print_1200x300.jpg\")
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